Author, year | Study Design | Level of Evidence | Subjects (n) | Study Groups | Study outcomes | Conclusion | Directness of evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Norris, 2011 [49] | Experimental study | N/A | 3 Temporal bones | Respiratory airway, mannequin model | Concentration of particular matter in three conditions: without a mask, with a surgical mask, with an N95 respirator | The average concentration of bone dust particles with standard surgical masks was 1.66 mg/m3, compared with undetectable (< 0.81 mg/m3) with the use of an N95 respirator. | Indirect |
Hilal, 2005 [50] | Experimental study | N/A | 6 temporal bones | 1.Penetration of bone dust and particulates onto the corneal surface of fish eyes placed 50 cm and 1 m away 2. bone dust scattering radius | All corneas examined (up to 1 m away) had numerous bone particles penetrating the corneal surface. In vivo, bone dust scatters 106 cm in all directions. | Indirect | |
Lannigan, 1989 [51] | Experimental study | N/A | Unknown | Maximum radius of black fluid spray of various drill speeds | Maximum radius of spray was 41 cm with a drill at 40,000 RPM. | Indirect |