Table 1 Summary of the literature review

Arai & al. (2009) [4]

40/F

Extraction/ 48

HS

1 day

CT / -

N

5 days / Ampicillin

Parkar & al. (2009) [5]

55/F

Endodontic treatment/ left upper molar

HS

1 h

XR/ -

N

1 day / corticosteroids + anti-histaminic + antibiotics

Samuels (2009) [6]

20/F

Extraction/ left lower molar

HS

Immediate

XR/ +

N

admitted / corticosteroids + analgesia + antibiotics

Kim & al. (2010) [7]

40/M

Endodontic treatment / 36

HS

Immediate

CT / +

N

5 days / O2 + antibiotics

Kim & al. (2010) [7]

52/F

Endodontic treatment / 16

HS

Per-procedure

CT /+

N

8 days / antibiotics

Sainsbury & Jaiganesh (2010) [8]

40/M

Endodontic treatment / 27

HS

Per-procedure

XR / -

N

< 1 day (14 h) / O2 + AmoxiClav

Afzali & al. (2010) [9]

16/M

Extraction / 37

HS

1 day

XR + CT / +

WBC 21000

5 days / IV Clinda and ceftazidime

Hsu (2010) [10]

59/F

Endodontic treatment / 38 + 48

HS

1 h

CT /−

N

Antibiotics

Bilecenoglu & al. (2012) [11]

39/F

Extraction / 46

HS

1 day

–

N

N/A / analgesia + antibiotics

Durukan & al. (2012) [12]

45/F

Endodontic treatment / 16

AS + HS

Immediate

XR+ CT/ +

N

3 days/ O2 + metronidazole+ ampicillin

Bergen (2013) [13]

72/F

RDP / molar

HS

Per-procedure

XR / -

N

N/A / Amoxi Clav

Elia & al.(2013) [14]

41/F

Extraction/ 47

HS

Per-procedure

CT/ +

N

7 days/ analgesia + antibiotics

Khandelwal & al. (2013) [15]

4,5/F

Crown preparation / 16

AS + HS

1 h

–

–

- / Amoxicillin

Mitsunaga & al.(2013) [16]

76/F

Laser treatment / 26

Laser

Immediate

CT / +

–

5 days / antibiotics

Olate & al. (2013) [17]

23/F

Extraction / 48

HS

4 h

CT/ -

–

admitted / analgesia + chlorexidine mouth wash + Cefazolin

An & al. (2014) [18]

33/F

Endodontic treatment/ 44

AS

Per-procedure

CT/+

N

5 days / steroids + IV fluids + O2 + clindamycin and switch to ampicillin + metronidazole

Fleischman & al. (2014) [19]

15/F

Extraction / 28

?

Immediate

CT/ -

–

N/A / attempt to decompress the eyelid (30G needle) + antibiotics

Kün-Darbois & al. (2014) [20]

41/F

Extraction / 38

HS

Per-procedure

CT / +

WBC 10370

2 days / -

Paik & al. (2014) [21]

13/M

RDP / 36

HS

Immediate

CT /+

–

1 day / -

Nishimura & al. (2015) [22]

68/M

RDP /?

HS

1 day

XR + CT / +

N

N/A / antibiotics

Picard & al. (2015) [23]

27/M

Extraction / 48

HS

4 days

CT / +

–

4 days / antibiotics

Ocakcioglu & al. (2015) [24]

23/M

Extraction / 48

HS

7 days

CT / +

–

4 days / O2 + antibiotics

Alonso & al.(2017) [25]

73/F

Peri-implant cleaning / 4?

AP

Immediate

CT / -

–

N/A / corticosteroids + antibiotics

Alonso & al.(2017) [25]

43/M

Dental cleaning / 42–43

AP

Immediate

XR / +

–

< 1 day (12 h) / -

Alonso & al.(2017) [25]

62/F

Dental cleaning / 47

AP

Immediate

CT / -

–

N/A / Ibuprofen + antibiotics

Lee & al. (2017) [26]

59/F

RDP / 44

HS

Immediate

XR + CT/ +

N

8 days / O2 + ampicillin + TMP SMX

Ramnarine & Dubin (2017) [27]

28/F

RDP / 14 + 20 + 21

HS

Immediate

XR + CT/+

N

<  1 day (12 h) / antibiotics

Tan & Nikolarakos (2017) [28]

33/F

Extraction / 46

HS

1 day

XR / -

WBC 10000

2 days / analgesia + antibiotics

Thompson & Gohil (2017) [29]

50/M

Extraction / 38

?

4–6 h

XR / +

N

Admitted/ saline nebulisers + antibiotics

Chien (2018) [30]

59/F

RDP / 44 + 46

HS

Immediate

–

–

N/A / antibiotics

Jeong & al. (2018) [31]

60/F

Crown preparation / 15

HS

1 h

XR + CT/ +

N

4 days / O2 + antibiotics

Lee & al.(2018) [32]

51/F

Peri-implant cleaning / 12

AS

Per-procedure

XR + CT/ +

N

13 days / O2 + analgesia + antibiotics

Liu & Lin (2018) [33]

22/M

Extraction / 38

?

1 week

XR + CT/ +

Elevated CRP + WBC

Admitted /Amoxi-Clav

Tay & Loh(2018) [34]

18/M

Extraction / 18 + 28 + 38 + 48

HS

1 day

XR + CT/ +

–

5 days/ O2 + antibiotics

Tenore & al. (2017) [35]

60/F

Endodontic treatment / 22

AS

Per-procedure

CT / -

–

Admitted / corticosteroid + analgesia + antibiotics

Cuccia & al [36].

30/F

Extraction / 37

HS

Immediate

CT / +

N

7 days / corticosteroids + tazocin/cubicin + bed rest

Fehrle & al [37].

32/M

Extraction / 48

?

Weeks

CT / +

CRP 75

Admitted / antibiotics

Mascarenhas & al [38].

43/M

RDP / 47

HS

Immediate

XR / -

–

N/A / Amoxicilin

Paschos & al [39].

17/F

Extraction / 38

HS

30 min

CT / +

N

3 days / antibiotics

Rad et & [40].

36/M

Extraction / 37

HS

Immediate

XR / +

N

N/A / antibiotics

Rawlinson & al [41].

40/F

RDP / upper and lower molar

?

1 day

CT / +

WBC 12500

1 day / antibiotics