Fig. 2

Anterior skull base reconstruction without sphenoidotomy. a An illustration of the sagittal view without sphenoidotomy. b A 0-degree endoscopic view of the anterior skull base without sphenoidotomy and (c) the view after covering with the pedicled nasoseptal flap. d Confirmation of the end point of the coverage under navigation. CPFS: coverage at the posterior wall of the frontal sinus, CP: cribriform plate, SS: sphenoid sinus