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Table 4 Univariate and Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with chronic postoperative opioid use

From: Chronic opioid use following surgery for head and neck cancer patients undergoing free flap reconstruction

Clinical Characteristic

3 m + Persistent Opioid Use

12 m + Persistent Opioid Use

Odds Ratio [95% CI]

p-value

Odds Ratio [95% CI]

p-value

Univariate Probes

Gender (Ref: Female)

1.59 [0.84–3.02]

0.152

1.15 [0.64–2.08]

0.6

Age (years) (centered at mean)

1.01 [0.99–1.04]

0.153

1.01 [0.99–1.04]

0.168

  ≥ 65

1.04 [0.59–1.85]

0.9

1.04 [0.60–1.81]

0.9

  55–64

1.34 [0.72–2.50]

0.4

1.44 [0.79–2.61]

0.2

  40–54

1.31 [0.65–2.65]

0.5

1.04 [0.54–2.02]

0.9

  <  40

0.25 [0.09–0.69]

0.007

0.29 [0.10–0.84]

0.022

Pre-operative opioid use

4.31 [2.24–8.32]

< 0.0001

4.00 [2.19–7.29]

< 0.0001

Social Habits

  Prior Tobacco

2.52 [1.34–4.76]

0.004

1.87 [1.01–3.48]

0.048

  Prior Alcohol

1.24 [0.61–2.51]

0.6

1.13 [0.57–2.24]

0.7

Advanced pathologic T-stage (T3/4)

2.27 [1.24–4.15]

0.008

1.21 [0.70–2.12]

0.5

Primary Tumour Location (ref: Oral Cavity)

  Salivary Gland

1.60 [0.42–6.14]

0.5

1.64 [0.48–5.68]

0.4

  Paranasal Sinus

2.66 [0.56–12.57]

0.2

2.47 [0.64–9.44]

0.187

  Other

0.38 [0.16–0.91]

0.03

0.49 [0.20–1.19]

0.1

Free Flap (Ref: Soft Tissue)

  Bone

1.29 [0.61–2.74]

0.5

1.15 [0.57–2.36]

0.7

  Soft Tissue + Bone

0.77 [0.25–2.32]

0.6

0.45 [0.14–1.40]

0.167

Treatment (ref: Sx Alone)

  Sx + Adjuvant

2.52 [1.42–4.48]

0.002

1.30 [0.75–2.24]

0.4

Multivariate Model

Gender (Ref: Female)

2.15 [0.92–5.01]

0.08

Age (years) (centered at mean)

0.99 [0.96–1.03]

0.7

1.00 [0.97–1.03]

0.8

   < 40

0.25 [0.04–1.35]

0.1

0.37 [0.08–1.76]

0.2

Pre-operative opioid use

4.02 [1.85–8.72]

< 0.0001

2.34 [1.15–4.74]

< 0.0001

Social Habits

  Prior Tobacco

2.80 [1.23–6.38]

0.014

2.34 [1.15–4.74]

0.019

Advanced pathologic T-stage (T3/4)

1.70 [0.79–3.69]

0.2

Primary Tumour Location (ref: Oral Cavity)

  Salivary Gland

0.63 [0.14–2.95]

0.6

1.09 [0.28–4.35]

0.9

  Paranasal Sinus

1.91 [0.27–13.42]

0.5

1.99 [0.42–9.36]

0.4

  Other

0.37 [0.12–1.15]

0.09

0.44 [0.15–1.28]

0.1

Free Flap (Ref: Soft Tissue)

  Bone

1.25 [0.56–2.80]

0.6

  Soft Tissue + Bone

0.33 [0.09–1.19]

0.09

Treatment (ref: Sx Alone)

  Sx + Adjuvant

2.23 [1.03–4.82]

0.042