Online residency training during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey of otolaryngology head and neck surgery program directors

Table 1 Mean rate of use of each didactic activity before and during the pandemic

Category	Teaching activity	Mean score (SEM)
Category	Teaching activity	Before	During
(1) Lectures	Resident presentation	4.9 (0.1)^†	4.5 (0.3)^†
	In-person	9.5 (0.3)	0.6 (0.5)*
	Online	0.3 (0.3)	8.3 (0.7)*
	In house lectures	5.3 (0.2)^†	3.9 (0.5)*^,^†
	In-person	9.8 (0.2)	0.5 (0.5)*
	Online	0.8 (0.3)	7.4 (1.2)*
	Online courses made by other programs/universities	0.5 (0.3)	4.0 (0.8)*
	American online otolaryngology consortia	0.1 (0.1)	2.8 (1.0)*
	Lectures total	3.5 (0.1)	3.9 (0.3)
(2) Teaching activities	Journal club	3.9 (0.5)^†	2.6 (0.7)^†
	In-person	7.7 (0.9)	0.0 (0.0)*
	Online	0.0 (0.0)	5.2 (1.4)*
	Ethical issues related discussion^‡	3.5 (0.5)^†	3.5 (0.5)^†
	In-person	6.6 (0.9)	0.9 (0.6)*
	Online	0.3 (0.2)	6.1 (1.0)*
	Tumor boards and other interdisciplinary clinics	4.5 (0.4)^†	3.7 (0.5)^†
	In-person	8.5 (0.8)	0.4 (0.4)*
	Online	0.5 (0.5)	7.0 (1.1)*
	Morbidity and mortality rounds	5.3 (0.6)^†	4.6 (0.7)^†
	In-person	9.0 (0.6)	2.4 (1.1)*
	Online	1.5 (1.0)	6.9 (1.0)*
	Teaching activity total	4.3 (0.4)	3.6 (0.4)*
(3) Surgical simulation	Cadaveric dissection laboratory	3.1 (0.5)^†	1.7 (0.6)*^,^†
	In-person	5.9 (0.9)	2.8 (1.1)*
	Online	0.3 (0.2)	0.5 (0.3)
	Computer-based simulators^§	1.1 (0.5)^†	1.1 (0.5)^†
	In-person	1.0 (0.5)	0.7 (0.5)
	Online	1.3 (0.6)	1.5 (0.5)
	Synthetic simulators^¶	3.2 (0.8)	1.9 (0.7)
	Simulation total	2.3 (0.3)	1.5 (0.4)*

*p < 0.05 compared to pre-COVID scores
^†Composite measures of activities
^‡E.g.: CanMEDS, patient security, communication
^§E.g.: Virtual reality simulators
^¶E.g.: Mannequins, 3D printed simulators
Italics: Single measures directly questioned in the survey
Bold: Combined measures (mean) of in-person and online format, or of category of activities

ISSN: 1916-0216