Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria of studies
From: Facelift thyroid surgery: a systematic review of indications, surgical and functional outcomes
Authors | Country | Inclusion period | Indications | Exclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Terris [11] Terris [12] | USA (Augusta) | July 2010–October 2010/February 2011 | 1. Hemi or total thyroidectomy 2. Growing nodules 3. Small multinodular goiters 4. Follicular neoplasms or unclear malignant potential | 1. BMI > 40 2. Previous neck surgery 3. Medical comorbidities contra-indicating anesthesia 4. Abnormal laryngeal function on preoperative laryngoscopy 5. Inability to understand surgical options 6. Acceptance of possible need for conversion 7. Substernal extension, lymphadenopathy or extrathyroidal extension of malignancy |
Kandil [13] | USA (New Orleans) | December 2012–March 2013 | 1. Hemithyroidectomy 2. Enlarging benign, suspicious, or malignant thyroid nodule on thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy | 1. Nodule with > 4 cm size (ultrasonography) 2. Previous neck surgery or radiation 3. Graves' disease with substernal extension 4. Substernal or retropharyngeal goiter 5. Unilateral or bilateral vocal fold immobility at the preoperative laryngoscopy 6. Advanced thyroid malignancy, cervical, or distant nodal metastases |
Park [14] | Korea (Seoul) | January 2012–December 2013 | 1. Hemithyroidectomy for benign nodules or papillary microcarcinoma without extrathyroidal extension | 1. Nodule with > 2 cm size (ultrasonography) 2. Previous neck tumor surgery or treatment 3. Obese patient (BMI: NP) |
Byeon [15] | Korea (Seoul) | January 2013–Mai 2014 | 1. Hemi or total thyroidectomy 2. Benign nodules or papillary microcarcinoma without extrathyroidal extension 3. Thyroid carcinomas with neck metastasis | 1. No previous history of treatment for thyroid carcinoma 2. Previous neck surgery 3. Recurrent thyroid tumor 4. Cancer with gross invasion to local structures or extensive extrathyroidal capsular extension |
Sung [16] | Korea (Seoul) | September 2013–December 2014 | 1. Hemi or total thyroidectomy 2. Thyroid carcinoma < 4 cm with minimal extrathyroidal extension and small lymph node metastases in the central comportment | 1. Nodule with > 5 cm size (ultrasonography) 2. Previous neck surgery or radiation 3. Concurrent lateral neck dissection 4. Cancer with gross invasion to local structures or extensive extrathyroidal capsular extension 5. Completion thyroidectomy |
Duke [17] | USA (Augusta) | July 2010–April 2014 | 1. Hemi or total thyroidectomy 2. Extent of disease appropriate for unilateral surgery | 1. Nodule with > 4 cm size (ultrasonography) 2. Previous neck surgery 3. Medical comorbidities contra-indicating anesthesia 4. No obesity 5. Thyroiditis, substernal extension, pathologic lymph node and extrathyroidal extension |
Alshehri [26] | USA (New Orleans) | December 2012–Mai 2015 | 1. Hemi or total thyroidectomy 2. Enlarging nodule < 4 cm 3. American Society of Anesthesia Score 1–2 | 1. Previous neck surgery/radiation 2. Vocal fold immobility prior surgery 3. Substernal or extrathyroidal extension 4. BMI < 40 5. Advanced thyroid cancer |
Song [18] | Korea (Seoul) | January 2015–December 2016 | 1. Hemithyroidectomy 2. Surgery with or without central neck dissection | 1. Gross extrathyroidal extension 2. Previous neck surgery or radiation 3. Concurrent lateral neck dissection 4. Completion hemi or total thyroidectomy 5. Age < 18 or > 70 years 6. Preoperative dysphonia or vocal fold disorders |
Ban [19] | Korea (Seoul) | Mai 2014–September 2016 | 1. Hemi or total thyroidectomy 2. Primary surgery and reoperation | 1. Preoperative dysphonia or vocal fold disorders 2. Loss of neuromonitoring during other parts of the surgical procedure aside from thyroid surgery |
Russell [20] | USA (New Orleans) (Baltimore) | August 2011–August 2016 | 1. Hemithyroidectomy 2. Benign or malignant nodules | 1. Nodule with > 6 cm size (ultrasonography) 2. Thyroid lobe > 7 cm 3. Previous neck surgery or radiation 4. Cancer with extrathyroidal extension or lymph node metastasis 5. Graves' disease or thyroiditis 6. Substernal extension |
Dabas [21] | India (Gurugram) | April 2015–Mai 2016 | 1. Hemithyroidectomy 2. Solitary thyroid nodule limited to single lobe | 1. Nodule with > 3.5 cm size (ultrasonography) 2. Extrathyroidal invasion 3. Previous neck surgery or radiation 4. Bilateral cervical nodes/distant metastasis 5. Vocal fold palsy (before surgery) |
Russell [22] | USA (New Orleans) (Baltimore) | December 2012–June 2018 (pathology) | 1. Hemi or total thyroidectomy 2. Undetermined thyroid nodules | 1. Nodule with > 6 cm size (ultrasonography) 2. Thyroid lobe > 10 cm 3. Previous neck surgery or radiation 4. Cancer with extrathyroidal extension or lymph node metastasis 5. Graves' disease or thyroiditis 6. Substernal extension |
Lee [23] | Korea (Seoul) | September 2013–November 2016 | 1. Hemi or total thyroidectomy 2. Benign or malignant nodules | 1. Previous neck surgery or radiation 2. Patients who underwent lateral neck dissection with thyroidectomy 3. Patients with distant metastasis |
Ji [24] | Korea (Seoul) | April 2016–September 2018 | 1. Hemi or total thyroidectomy 2. Benign or malignant nodules | 1. Nodule with > 6 cm size (ultrasonography) 2. Differentiated carcinoma > 4 cm 3. Malignant tumor > 2 cm 4. Benign tumor > 4 cm 5. cT4 cancer, maximal extrathyroidal extension 6. Recurrent cancer 7. Preoperative vocal fold palsy |
Wirth [25] | Germany (Munich) (Hausham) (Bad Aibling) | Not clearly specified | 1. Hemi or total thyroidectomy 2. Benign or malignant nodules | NP |